Functions like "log" or "cos" are normally used in math mode. However, in math mode strings of letters are treated as a product of variables, which would normally be displayed in math italics rather than a text font which would be appropriate for these functions. To get proper display of such functions they are generated with LaTeX commands.
Some of these commands are
Two commands are provided for the "modulus" function
The former would be used to write "a mod b" as
a \bmod b
and the latter, which requires an argument that is displayed in parentheses, would be used to write "n = i (mod j)" as
n = i \pmod{j}
Related topics:
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